it is not rich snippet with markup, but it is a snippet that generates itself for the knowledge graph by Google, and in heavy affiliate niches proper tables do miracles - completely overtake fold and more
the guy wants to have undetectable network, it is as simple as that....and impossible - if someone decides to track you down they will - no matter what :-))0
if you run big site, with lets say 100+ casinos offers... would be a complete nightmare to manage all this, esp when they change their offers often, what I do is just stick to main currency - aka if I target Europe + UK is mix £ and euro offers, if English speaking countries global I go for USD...
To answer to the initial question:
- Yes google can find out that you host on same server, even with difference cloudflare servers - also due to large use of cloudflare for PBN sites I would stay out of it, unless you run serious sites and you need the service, things to know also: SOA records...
best would be the casino to provide dynamic geo located link, aka send the visitor to the relevant lander/currency for his location.... though only a few do that
I think on the free accounts you have like 5-10 free reports daily, but limited. Ahrefs is worth every $, the biggest index of all SEO tools out there, I honestly think they will catch on LRT soon as quality of reports and tools
just make some minor changes and try again, also if your site is not in English you should submit the reconsideration request in the original language of the site. On 2nd-4th time the penalty should be lifted, I would clear the main pages from most of the adds so they are nice and readable. Just...
Very poor index only 200 million root domains is far from the real global number in the world....I really think Moz metrics are way off and not reliable at all when they just don't have the base to give proper results